Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA) | ||||
|
||||
|
Introduction to Objectives This reading provides definitions and examples of standards, goals, and objectives as they are used in CBI curriculum development. Standardsmay be at the course (for post-secondary education), school, district, state or national level. They reflect what teachers, students, administrators and community members want schools to accomplishin the long term; indeed, they may reflect life-long learning. Content standards define what students should know and be able to do; they are attainable and need to be measurable over time. 全国Standards for Foreign Language Learning提供的例子:
Goalsdescribe the long-range intents or purposes for a unit of study. At the post-secondary level, they usually relate to the syllabus for a course or to a unit within the syllabus; in elementary and secondary contexts, they are at the unit level. That is, a teacher should have broad goals in mind for each curricular unit. They may be categorized into content (or cultural) and language goals. Goals are more specific than standards but much broader and general than objectives. Consider these goals: Content—Students will:
Language—Students will:
Learning Strategies/Skills—Students will:
Objectivesare written for the lesson level; they help transform unit-level goals into do-able stages or steps; so, each goal embeds multiple objectives. Objectives reflect thewhatandwhythat underlie thehow.这是区分他们的活动。Objectives provide for a broad range of instructional possibilities; classroom teachers interpret them and transform them into classroom practice. So, an objective that is written accurately remains constant even though the activity for reaching that objective may change. Like standards and goals, objectives are written in terms of whatstudents will do. Example:
Instructional activities should focus on a particular content (academic content or cultural themes) that provides a meaningful context for vocabulary, linguistic structures, or phonological features to be learned. Students have difficulty learning linguistically related concepts when they are taught in decontextualized ways. If you want to work on a number of sound/symbol correspondences, do so within the context of a story or poem in which they appear frequently. If you want to teach various prepositions, for example, do so within the context of a basic science experiment or art activity or other hands-on task. This provides acontextin which the various prepositions need to be used. If you want students to spell certain words correctly (always keeping in mind their developmental and proficiency levels), do so within the context of a written task that has a real communicative purpose. In CBI, there are different categories of objectives. Read more and see the many examples provided in the reading titled “Writing Objectives.” Sources: Chamot, A. U., Barnhardt, S., El-Dinary, P. B., & Robbins, J. (1999). The learning strategies handbook. White Plains, NY: Addison-Wesley Longman. O’Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. NY: Cambridge University Press. National Standards in Foreign Language Education Project. (1999). Standards for foreign language learning in the 21st century. Yonkers, NY: National Standards in Foreign Language Education Project. Snow, M. A., Met, M., & Genesee, F. (1989). A conceptual framework for the integration of language and content instruction. TESOL Quarterly, 23, 201-217. |